name: architecture-paradigm-cqrs-es description: | CQRS and Event Sourcing for auditability, read/write separation, and temporal queries.

Triggers: CQRS, event sourcing, audit trail, temporal queries Use when: read/write scaling differs or audit trail required DO NOT use when: simple CRUD - use architecture-paradigms first. version: 1.0.0 category: architectural-pattern tags: [architecture, CQRS, Event-Sourcing, distributed-systems, audit-trail, scalability] dependencies: [] tools: [event-store, message-broker, projection-builder] usage_patterns:

• paradigm-implementation
• distributed-system-design
• auditability
• scalability-optimization complexity: high estimated_tokens: 800

The CQRS and Event Sourcing Paradigm

When to Employ This Paradigm

• When read and write workloads have vastly different performance characteristics or scaling requirements.
• When all business events must be captured in a durable, immutable history or audit trail.
• When a business needs to rebuild projections of data or support temporal queries (e.g., "What did the state of this entity look like yesterday?").

Adoption Steps

1. Identify Aggregates: Following Domain-Driven Design principles, specify the bounded contexts and the business invariants that each command must enforce on an aggregate.
2. Model Commands and Events: Define the schemas and validation rules for all commands and the events they produce. Document a clear strategy for versioning and schema evolution.
3. Implement the Write Side (Command Side): Command handlers are responsible for loading an aggregate's event stream, executing business logic, and atomically appending new events to the stream.
4. Build Projections to the Read Side: Create separate read models (projections) that are fed by subscriptions to the event stream. Implement back-pressure and retry policies for these subscriptions.
5. validate Full Observability: Implement detailed logging that includes event IDs, sequence numbers, and metrics for tracking the lag time of each projection.

Key Deliverables

• An Architecture Decision Record (ADR) detailing the aggregates, the chosen event store technology, the projection strategy, and the expected data consistency model (e.g., eventual consistency SLAs).
• A suite of tests for command handlers that use in-memory event streams, complemented by integration tests for the projections.
• Operational tooling for replaying events, taking state snapshots for performance, and managing schema migrations.

Risks & Mitigations

• High Operational Overhead:
  • Mitigation: Bugs related to event ordering and replays can be difficult to diagnose. Invest heavily in automation, Dead-Letter Queues (DLQs) for failed events, and regular "chaos engineering" drills to test resilience.
• Challenges of Eventual Consistency:
  • Mitigation: Users may be confused by delays between performing an action and seeing the result. Clearly document the SLAs for read model updates and manage user-facing expectations accordingly, for example, by providing immediate feedback on the command side.
• Schema Drift:
  • Mitigation: An unplanned change to an event schema can break consumers. Enforce the use of a formal schema registry and implement version gates in the CI/CD pipeline to prevent the emission of unvalidated event versions.