name: cloud-security-configuration description: Implement comprehensive cloud security across AWS, Azure, and GCP with IAM, encryption, network security, compliance, and threat detection.

Cloud Security Configuration

Overview

Cloud security requires comprehensive strategies spanning identity management, encryption, network controls, compliance, and threat detection. Implement defense-in-depth with multiple layers of protection and continuous monitoring.

When to Use

Protecting sensitive data in cloud
Compliance with regulations (GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS)
Implementing zero-trust security
Securing multi-cloud environments
Threat detection and response
Identity and access management
Network isolation and segmentation
Encryption and key management

Implementation Examples

1. AWS Security Configuration

# Enable GuardDuty (threat detection)
aws guardduty create-detector \
  --enable \
  --finding-publishing-frequency FIFTEEN_MINUTES

# Enable CloudTrail (audit logging)
aws cloudtrail create-trail \
  --name organization-trail \
  --s3-bucket-name audit-bucket \
  --is-multi-region-trail

# Enable S3 bucket encryption by default
aws s3api put-bucket-encryption \
  --bucket my-bucket \
  --server-side-encryption-configuration '{
    "Rules": [{
      "ApplyServerSideEncryptionByDefault": {
        "SSEAlgorithm": "aws:kms",
        "KMSMasterKeyID": "arn:aws:kms:region:account:key/key-id"
      },
      "BucketKeyEnabled": true
    }]
  }'

# Enable VPC Flow Logs
aws ec2 create-flow-logs \
  --resource-type VPC \
  --resource-ids vpc-12345 \
  --traffic-type ALL \
  --log-destination-type cloud-watch-logs \
  --log-group-name /aws/vpc/flowlogs

# Configure Security Groups
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
  --group-id sg-12345 \
  --protocol tcp \
  --port 443 \
  --cidr 0.0.0.0/0

# Enable MFA for root account
aws iam get-account-summary

# Create password policy
aws iam update-account-password-policy \
  --minimum-password-length 14 \
  --require-symbols \
  --require-numbers \
  --require-uppercase-characters \
  --require-lowercase-characters \
  --allow-users-to-change-password \
  --expire-passwords \
  --max-password-age 90

2. Terraform Security Configuration

# security.tf
terraform {
  required_providers {
    aws = {
      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
      version = "~> 5.0"
    }
  }
}

provider "aws" {
  region = var.aws_region
}

# KMS key for encryption
resource "aws_kms_key" "main" {
  description             = "Master encryption key"
  deletion_window_in_days = 10
  enable_key_rotation     = true

  tags = { Name = "master-key" }
}

resource "aws_kms_alias" "main" {
  name          = "alias/master-key"
  target_key_id = aws_kms_key.main.key_id
}

# Secrets Manager for sensitive data
resource "aws_secretsmanager_secret" "db_password" {
  name_prefix             = "db/"
  recovery_window_in_days = 7
  kms_key_id              = aws_kms_key.main.id
}

resource "aws_secretsmanager_secret_version" "db_password" {
  secret_id       = aws_secretsmanager_secret.db_password.id
  secret_string   = random_password.db.result
}

# IAM role with least privilege
resource "aws_iam_role" "app_role" {
  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
    Version = "2012-10-17"
    Statement = [{
      Action = "sts:AssumeRole"
      Effect = "Allow"
      Principal = {
        Service = "ec2.amazonaws.com"
      }
    }]
  })
}

resource "aws_iam_role_policy" "app_policy" {
  role = aws_iam_role.app_role.id

  policy = jsonencode({
    Version = "2012-10-17"
    Statement = [
      {
        Effect = "Allow"
        Action = [
          "s3:GetObject",
          "s3:ListBucket"
        ]
        Resource = [
          aws_s3_bucket.data.arn,
          "${aws_s3_bucket.data.arn}/*"
        ]
      },
      {
        Effect = "Allow"
        Action = [
          "kms:Decrypt",
          "kms:DescribeKey"
        ]
        Resource = aws_kms_key.main.arn
      },
      {
        Effect = "Allow"
        Action = [
          "secretsmanager:GetSecretValue"
        ]
        Resource = aws_secretsmanager_secret.db_password.arn
      },
      {
        Effect = "Allow"
        Action = [
          "logs:CreateLogGroup",
          "logs:CreateLogStream",
          "logs:PutLogEvents"
        ]
        Resource = "arn:aws:logs:*:*:*"
      }
    ]
  })
}

# VPC with security
resource "aws_vpc" "main" {
  cidr_block           = "10.0.0.0/16"
  enable_dns_hostnames = true
  enable_dns_support   = true

  tags = { Name = "main-vpc" }
}

# Public subnet
resource "aws_subnet" "public" {
  vpc_id                  = aws_vpc.main.id
  cidr_block              = "10.0.1.0/24"
  availability_zone       = data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[0]
  map_public_ip_on_launch = false

  tags = { Name = "public-subnet" }
}

# Private subnet
resource "aws_subnet" "private" {
  vpc_id            = aws_vpc.main.id
  cidr_block        = "10.0.10.0/24"
  availability_zone = data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[0]

  tags = { Name = "private-subnet" }
}

# Network ACL for defense in depth
resource "aws_network_acl" "main" {
  vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id

  ingress {
    protocol   = "tcp"
    rule_no    = 100
    action     = "allow"
    cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
    from_port  = 443
    to_port    = 443
  }

  ingress {
    protocol   = "tcp"
    rule_no    = 110
    action     = "allow"
    cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
    from_port  = 80
    to_port    = 80
  }

  egress {
    protocol   = "-1"
    rule_no    = 100
    action     = "allow"
    cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
    from_port  = 0
    to_port    = 0
  }
}

# Security group
resource "aws_security_group" "app" {
  name_prefix = "app-"
  vpc_id      = aws_vpc.main.id

  # Egress rule (deny by default)
  egress {
    from_port   = 0
    to_port     = 0
    protocol    = "-1"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
}

# WAF Web ACL
resource "aws_wafv2_web_acl" "main" {
  scope = "REGIONAL"
  name  = "app-waf"

  default_action {
    allow {}
  }

  rule {
    name     = "AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet"
    priority = 1

    action {
      block {}
    }

    statement {
      managed_rule_group_statement {
        name        = "AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet"
        vendor_name = "AWS"
      }
    }

    visibility_config {
      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
      metric_name                = "AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet"
      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
    }
  }

  visibility_config {
    cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
    metric_name                = "app-waf"
    sampled_requests_enabled   = true
  }
}

# GuardDuty for threat detection
resource "aws_guardduty_detector" "main" {
  enable = true

  datasources {
    flow_logs {
      enable = true
    }
    s3_logs {
      enable = true
    }
    kubernetes {
      audit_logs {
        enable = true
      }
    }
  }
}

# CloudTrail for audit logging
resource "aws_cloudtrail" "main" {
  name                          = "organization-trail"
  s3_bucket_name                = aws_s3_bucket.audit_logs.id
  include_global_service_events = true
  is_multi_region_trail         = true
  enable_log_file_validation    = true
  depends_on                    = [aws_s3_bucket_policy.audit_logs]

  event_selector {
    read_write_type           = "All"
    include_management_events = true

    data_resource {
      type   = "AWS::S3::Object"
      values = ["arn:aws:s3:::*/"]
    }
  }
}

# Audit logs bucket
resource "aws_s3_bucket" "audit_logs" {
  bucket = "audit-logs-${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}"
}

resource "aws_s3_bucket_policy" "audit_logs" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.audit_logs.id

  policy = jsonencode({
    Version = "2012-10-17"
    Statement = [
      {
        Sid    = "AllowCloudTrailAcl"
        Effect = "Allow"
        Principal = {
          Service = "cloudtrail.amazonaws.com"
        }
        Action   = "s3:GetBucketAcl"
        Resource = aws_s3_bucket.audit_logs.arn
      },
      {
        Sid    = "AllowCloudTrailPutObject"
        Effect = "Allow"
        Principal = {
          Service = "cloudtrail.amazonaws.com"
        }
        Action   = "s3:PutObject"
        Resource = "${aws_s3_bucket.audit_logs.arn}/*"
        Condition = {
          StringEquals = {
            "s3:x-amz-acl" = "bucket-owner-full-control"
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  })
}

# Config for compliance monitoring
resource "aws_config_configuration_recorder" "main" {
  name       = "main"
  role_arn   = aws_iam_role.config.arn
  depends_on = [aws_iam_role_policy_attachment.config]

  recording_group {
    all_supported = true
    include_global = true
  }
}

resource "aws_config_configuration_recorder_status" "main" {
  name              = aws_config_configuration_recorder.main.name
  depends_on        = [aws_config_delivery_channel.main]
  is_enabled        = true
  start_recording   = true
}

# Config delivery channel
resource "aws_config_delivery_channel" "main" {
  name          = "main"
  s3_bucket_name = aws_s3_bucket.config.id
  depends_on    = [aws_config_configuration_recorder.main]
}

# CloudWatch for security monitoring
resource "aws_cloudwatch_metric_alarm" "unauthorized_actions" {
  alarm_name          = "unauthorized-api-calls"
  comparison_operator = "GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold"
  evaluation_periods  = 1
  metric_name         = "UnauthorizedOperationCount"
  namespace           = "CloudTrailMetrics"
  period              = 300
  statistic           = "Sum"
  threshold           = 5
  alarm_description   = "Alert on unauthorized API calls"
}

# Data source
data "aws_caller_identity" "current" {}
data "aws_availability_zones" "available" {
  state = "available"
}

# Random password
resource "random_password" "db" {
  length  = 16
  special = true
}

# IAM role for Config
resource "aws_iam_role" "config" {
  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
    Version = "2012-10-17"
    Statement = [{
      Action = "sts:AssumeRole"
      Effect = "Allow"
      Principal = {
        Service = "config.amazonaws.com"
      }
    }]
  })
}

resource "aws_iam_role_policy_attachment" "config" {
  role       = aws_iam_role.config.name
  policy_arn = "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/ConfigRole"
}

resource "aws_s3_bucket" "config" {
  bucket = "config-bucket-${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}"
}

3. Azure Security Configuration

# Enable Azure Security Center
az security auto-provisioning-setting update \
  --auto-provision on

# Enable Azure Defender
az security atp storage update \
  --storage-account myaccount \
  --is-enabled true

# Configure NSG rules
az network nsg rule create \
  --resource-group mygroup \
  --nsg-name mynsg \
  --name AllowHTTPS \
  --priority 100 \
  --direction Inbound \
  --access Allow \
  --protocol Tcp \
  --source-address-prefixes '*' \
  --source-port-ranges '*' \
  --destination-address-prefixes '*' \
  --destination-port-ranges 443

# Enable Azure Policy
az policy assignment create \
  --name EnforceHttps \
  --policy /subscriptions/{subscription}/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/policyDefinitions/{policyId}

# Create Key Vault
az keyvault create \
  --resource-group mygroup \
  --name mykeyvault \
  --enable-rbac-authorization

4. GCP Security Configuration

# Enable Cloud Armor
gcloud compute security-policies create my-policy \
  --description "Security policy"

# Add rules
gcloud compute security-policies rules create 100 \
  --security-policy=my-policy \
  --action "deny-403" \
  --expression "origin.country_code == 'CN'"

# Enable Cloud KMS
gcloud kms keyrings create my-keyring --location us-east1

gcloud kms keys create my-key \
  --location us-east1 \
  --keyring my-keyring \
  --purpose encryption

# Set IAM bindings
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding MY_PROJECT \
  --member=serviceAccount:my-sa@MY_PROJECT.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
  --role=roles/container.developer

# Enable Binary Authorization
gcloud container binauthz policy import policy.yaml

# VPC Service Controls
gcloud access-context-manager perimeters create my-perimeter \
  --resources=projects/MY_PROJECT

Best Practices

✅ DO

Implement least privilege access
Enable MFA everywhere
Use service accounts for applications
Encrypt data at rest and in transit
Enable comprehensive logging
Implement network segmentation
Use secrets management
Enable threat detection
Regular security assessments
Keep systems patched

❌ DON'T

Use root/default credentials
Store secrets in code
Over-permissive security groups
Disable encryption
Ignore logs and monitoring
Share credentials
Skip compliance requirements
Trust unverified data sources

Compliance Standards

GDPR: Data protection
HIPAA: Healthcare data
PCI-DSS: Payment card data
SOC 2: Security controls
ISO 27001: Information security
CIS Benchmarks: Security hardening

Security Layers

Identity & Access: IAM, MFA, SSO
Network: VPCs, Security Groups, WAF
Data: Encryption, Secrets, DLP
Application: Input validation, patches
Monitoring: Logging, Alerting, Threat Detection

cloud-security-configuration

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