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name: forensic-change-coupling description: Use when planning architecture refactoring, understanding cross-module dependencies, discovering hidden dependencies, finding shotgun surgery patterns, or identifying files that change together - reveals temporal coupling and architectural violations using git history analysis

Forensic Change Coupling Analysis

🎯 When You Use This Skill

State explicitly: "Using forensic-change-coupling pattern"

Then follow these steps:

1. Apply the coupling strength formula (see below)
2. Identify both strong couplings (>0.5) and coupling clusters (3+ files)
3. Flag cross-module couplings (architectural violations)
4. Cite research when presenting findings (shotgun surgery = 2-3x maintenance cost)
5. Suggest integration with other forensic skills at the end

Overview

Change coupling (temporal coupling) analysis discovers files that frequently change together in the same commits. These patterns reveal:

• Hidden dependencies not visible in code imports
• Architectural violations (coupling across boundaries)
• Shotgun surgery anti-pattern (feature changes require many files)
• Missing abstractions or poorly designed interfaces
• Refactoring opportunities (files that change together should live together)

Core principle: Files that change together reveal architectural truth - the system's actual boundaries, not the intended ones.

When to Use

• Planning architecture refactoring or module boundaries
• Understanding why changes touch so many files (shotgun surgery)
• Finding hidden dependencies before splitting services
• Assessing impact of architectural changes
• Identifying tightly coupled modules for extraction
• Planning team ownership boundaries (Conway's Law)
• Post-mortem analysis of brittle areas

When NOT to Use

• Insufficient git history (<6 months, <100 commits unreliable)
• Greenfield projects without meaningful patterns
• When analyzing single file in isolation
• For understanding code dependencies (use static analysis instead)
• When you need bug-proneness (use hotspot analysis instead)

Core Pattern

⚡ THE COUPLING FORMULA (USE THIS)

This is the research-backed temporal coupling formula - don't create custom approaches:

Coupling Strength (A, B) = co_changes(A, B) / min(changes(A), changes(B))

Where:
  co_changes(A, B) = number of commits containing both A and B
  changes(A) = total commits touching A
  changes(B) = total commits touching B

Score ranges: 0.0 (never together) to 1.0 (always together)

Thresholds:

• >0.7: Very strong coupling - files are essentially one unit
• >0.5: Strong coupling - architectural concern
• >0.3: Moderate coupling - worth investigating
• <0.3: Weak coupling - may be coincidental

Critical: Minimum co-changes threshold (≥3) prevents false positives from single refactoring.

📊 Research Benchmarks (CITE THESE)

Always reference the research when using these patterns:

Pattern	Impact	Source	When to Cite
Shotgun surgery	2-3x maintenance cost	Fowler's Refactoring	"Shotgun surgery patterns cost 2-3x more to maintain (Fowler)"
Cross-module coupling	40-60% slower feature velocity	Microsoft DevOps Research	"Cross-module coupling reduces velocity by 40-60% (Microsoft)"
Coupling clusters	3-5x more defects	Google eng practices	"Coupling clusters have 3-5x higher defect rates (Google)"

Always cite the source when presenting coupling findings to architects or team leads.

Quick Reference

Essential Git Commands

Purpose	Command
Commits with files	git log --since="12 months ago" --name-only --format="COMMIT:%H"
Files per commit	git diff-tree --no-commit-id --name-only -r COMMIT_HASH
Coupling for file	git log --since="12 months ago" --name-only --format="" -- FILE | grep -v "^$" | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
Commit timestamps	git log --since="12 months ago" --format="%H|%ad" --date=short

Coupling Strength Interpretation

Score	Strength	Meaning	Action
>0.7	Very Strong	Files are essentially one unit	Merge or extract common dependency
0.5-0.7	Strong	Architectural concern	Review boundaries, consider refactoring
0.3-0.5	Moderate	Worth investigating	Understand why, monitor trend
<0.3	Weak	Likely coincidental	No action unless cross-module

Coupling Pattern Types

Pattern	Indicator	Risk	Action
Shotgun surgery	File appears in many couplings	HIGH	Extract abstraction
God file	Couples with 10+ other files	CRITICAL	Break apart
Cross-boundary	Coupling across modules	HIGH	Review architecture
Asymmetric	A→B strong, B→A weak	MEDIUM	Clarify dependency direction

Implementation

Step 1: Extract Coupling Data

Basic approach:

# Get all commits with changed files (last 12 months)
git log --since="12 months ago" --name-only --format="COMMIT:%H" > commits.txt

# Process into commit->files mapping
# Each commit becomes: commit_hash|file1|file2|file3...

Filter considerations:

• Exclude commits with >20 files (massive refactorings skew data)
• Include only source code files (exclude docs, configs unless analyzing those)
• Consider excluding test files (or analyze separately)
• Time period: 6-12 months for established codebases, 3-6 for fast-moving

Step 2: Calculate Coupling Scores

For each pair of files that appear together:

# Pseudocode for coupling calculation
co_changes = count commits containing both file_a AND file_b
changes_a = count commits containing file_a
changes_b = count commits containing file_b

coupling_score = co_changes / min(changes_a, changes_b)

# Only report if:
if co_changes >= 3 AND coupling_score >= 0.3:
    report_coupling(file_a, file_b, coupling_score, co_changes)

Normalization by minimum ensures asymmetric coupling detection:

• If A changes 100 times, B changes 10 times, and they co-change 10 times
• Coupling = 10/10 = 1.0 (B always changes with A)
• This reveals dependency direction

Step 3: Identify Coupling Clusters

Clustering algorithm:

1. Start with highest coupling pair (A, B)
2. Find all files that couple with A or B at >0.5
3. Add to cluster if they also couple with each other
4. Repeat until no more files qualify
5. Move to next unclustered coupling pair

Cluster interpretation:

• 2-3 files: Likely feature or abstraction boundary
• 4-6 files: Module or service candidate
• 7+ files: Architectural concern, possible god object

Step 4: Flag Cross-Module Couplings

Architectural violations:

For each coupling where:
  - File A in module_x/
  - File B in module_y/
  - Coupling score > 0.5

Flag as cross-module coupling (architectural concern)

Why it matters: Cross-module coupling indicates:

• Leaky abstractions
• Missing API contracts
• Inappropriate dependencies
• Modules that should merge OR need better boundaries

Output Format

1. Executive Summary

Change Coupling Analysis (forensic-change-coupling pattern)

Analyzed: X commits over Y months
Files: Z total, N with significant couplings
Strong Couplings (>0.5): M pairs
Coupling Clusters: K groups
Cross-Module Issues: J violations

Research shows shotgun surgery patterns cost 2-3x more to maintain (Fowler).

2. Top Couplings Table

Rank | File A                    | File B                    | Co-Chg | Coupling | Type
-----|---------------------------|---------------------------|--------|----------|---------------
1    | src/auth/login.ts        | src/api/session.ts       | 23     | 0.92     | Very Strong
2    | components/Nav.tsx       | styles/navigation.css     | 18     | 0.85     | Strong
3    | models/user.js           | validators/user.js        | 15     | 0.75     | Strong

For each top coupling, explain:

• Why they change together (feature? abstraction? architectural issue?)
• Risk level and impact on maintenance
• Refactoring recommendation

3. Coupling Clusters

Cluster 1 (Avg Coupling: 0.78, Changes: 24):
├─ src/models/user.ts
├─ src/controllers/user.ts
├─ src/validators/user-schema.ts
└─ src/routes/user-routes.ts

Pattern: Vertical slice (model-controller-validator-route)
Recommendation: Extract to user/ module or merge into user-service.ts
Impact: Would eliminate 24 shotgun surgery changes

4. Cross-Module Violations

Module Coupling Issues:

frontend/ <-> backend/ (CRITICAL):
├─ frontend/components/UserProfile.tsx <-> backend/routes/users.js (0.70)
├─ frontend/store/auth.ts <-> backend/auth/jwt.js (0.68)
└─ frontend/api/client.ts <-> backend/middleware/cors.js (0.55)

Research: Cross-module coupling reduces feature velocity by 40-60% (Microsoft).

Recommendation:
1. Define strict API contract (OpenAPI spec)
2. Version the API to decouple frontend/backend releases
3. Consider backend-for-frontend pattern

5. Shotgun Surgery Patterns

Files appearing in many couplings (hub files):

Shotgun Surgery Candidates:

1. src/utils/config.js (couples with 15 other files)
   - Every feature change touches config
   - Recommendation: Extract to environment variables or feature flags

2. src/types/common.ts (couples with 22 other files)
   - Type changes cascade across codebase
   - Recommendation: Split into domain-specific type files

6. Asymmetric Couplings

Dependency direction:

Asymmetric Coupling (dependency flow):

src/validators/schema.js ALWAYS changes when src/models/user.js changes (0.95)
But src/models/user.js rarely changes with validators (0.12)

Interpretation: Validators are tightly coupled to models
Direction: models/user.js → validators/schema.js
Recommendation: Use schema-first approach (validators define models)

Common Mistakes

Mistake 1: Not filtering minimum co-changes

Problem: Reporting every file pair that changed once together, creating noise.

# ❌ BAD: No minimum threshold
report all couplings where score > 0.3

# ✅ GOOD: Require meaningful frequency
report couplings where co_changes >= 3 AND score > 0.3

Fix: Always use minimum co-changes threshold (≥3) to filter coincidental changes.

Mistake 2: Ignoring cross-module couplings

Problem: Only looking at coupling strength, missing architectural violations.

# ❌ BAD: Just sorting by coupling score
sort_by_coupling_score()

# ✅ GOOD: Flag cross-module issues separately
flag_cross_module_couplings()  # Even if score is moderate
report_by_score()

Fix: Always highlight cross-module couplings (score >0.3) as architectural concerns, regardless of absolute score.

Mistake 3: Not checking for massive commits

Problem: Single 100-file refactoring skews all coupling scores.

# ❌ BAD: Include all commits
analyze_all_commits()

# ✅ GOOD: Exclude outliers
exclude commits with >20 changed files

Fix: Exclude commits with >20 files (configurable) to avoid refactoring noise.

Mistake 4: Not analyzing temporal trends

Problem: Treating all couplings as static, missing increasing/decreasing patterns.

Fix: Split analysis into time windows (e.g., last 3 months vs 3-6 months ago) to detect:

• Increasing coupling (new technical debt)
• Decreasing coupling (refactoring working)
• Persistent coupling (architectural issue)

⚡ After Running Coupling Analysis (DO THIS)

Immediately suggest these next steps to the user:

1. Check if coupled files are also hotspots (use forensic-hotspot-finder)

   • Coupled hotspots = CRITICAL risk (high churn + architectural issue)
   • Prioritize these for immediate refactoring

2. Map ownership of coupled clusters (use forensic-knowledge-mapping)

   • Single owner of cluster = knowledge silo
   • Multiple owners = coordination overhead

3. Calculate refactoring ROI (use forensic-refactoring-roi)

   • Shotgun surgery = maintenance cost
   • Breaking couplings = velocity improvement

4. Track coupling trends over time (use forensic-complexity-trends)

   • Is coupling increasing or decreasing?
   • Are refactoring efforts working?

Example: Complete Coupling Analysis Workflow

"Using forensic-change-coupling pattern, I analyzed 847 commits over 12 months.

KEY FINDINGS:

Top Coupling Cluster (0.82 avg strength):
├─ src/models/user.ts
├─ src/controllers/user.ts
├─ src/validators/user.ts
└─ src/routes/user.ts
(Changed together 28 times - shotgun surgery pattern)

Research shows shotgun surgery costs 2-3x more to maintain (Fowler).

Cross-Module Violation (CRITICAL):
frontend/UserProfile.tsx <-> backend/users.js (0.75 coupling)
Research: Cross-module coupling reduces velocity by 40-60% (Microsoft).

RECOMMENDED NEXT STEPS:
1. Check hotspots (forensic-hotspot-finder) - Is user cluster also high-churn?
2. Map ownership (forensic-knowledge-mapping) - Who owns this cluster?
3. Calculate ROI (forensic-refactoring-roi) - Cost of shotgun surgery?

Would you like me to proceed with any of these analyses?"

Always provide this integration guidance - coupling analysis is most valuable when combined with other forensic techniques.

Advanced Patterns

Temporal Coupling Trends

Compare time windows to detect changes:

Last 3 months coupling vs 3-6 months ago:

File A <-> File B:
- 3-6 months ago: 0.45 (moderate)
- Last 3 months: 0.78 (very strong)
- TREND: ⬆️ INCREASING (new technical debt)

Recommendation: Investigate recent changes that introduced coupling

Coupling + Hotspot Intersection

Combine with hotspot analysis:

Critical Files (Hotspot + High Coupling):

manager.go:
- Hotspot score: 0.89 (high churn + complexity)
- Coupling: couples with 8 other files
- RISK: CRITICAL - refactor immediately

Expected impact: 30-40% bug reduction (Microsoft Research hotspot data)

Conway's Law Violations

Cross-team coupled files:

Team Coordination Issues:

Files coupled but owned by different teams:
- frontend/Dashboard.tsx (Team A) <-> backend/metrics.js (Team B) (0.68)

Coupling requires cross-team coordination for every change.
Recommendation: Assign ownership to single team OR define API contract

Research Background

Key studies:

1. Fowler's Refactoring (1999): Shotgun surgery anti-pattern identification

   • Changes requiring many file touches = 2-3x maintenance cost
   • Recommendation: Files that change together should be together

2. Microsoft DevOps Research (2016): Cross-module coupling impact

   • 40-60% slower feature velocity with high cross-module coupling
   • Recommendation: Strong module boundaries with versioned contracts

3. Google Engineering (2020): Coupling cluster defect correlation

   • 3-5x higher defect rates in highly coupled clusters
   • Recommendation: Limit cluster size, extract abstractions

4. Adam Tornhill's "Your Code as a Crime Scene" (2015): Temporal coupling as forensic tool

   • Git history reveals actual vs intended architecture
   • Recommendation: Use coupling to guide refactoring priorities

Why temporal coupling matters: Static analysis shows intended dependencies. Temporal coupling reveals actual dependencies - how the system really behaves.

Integration with Other Techniques

Combine coupling analysis with:

• forensic-hotspot-finder: Coupled hotspots = critical refactoring targets
• forensic-knowledge-mapping: Coupled files + single owner = severe knowledge silo
• forensic-organizational-alignment: Coupling patterns reveal actual team boundaries
• forensic-refactoring-roi: Coupling clusters = shotgun surgery cost
• forensic-complexity-trends: Track coupling trends over time

Why: Change coupling alone shows "what changes together" but not why it matters. Integration provides business impact and priority.