name: better-auth description: better-auth authentication for Cloudflare D1 (primary), Next.js, Nuxt, Express, and 15+ frameworks via Drizzle ORM/Kysely. Covers 45+ OAuth providers, 2FA, passkeys, organizations, RBAC. Use for self-hosted auth or encountering D1 adapter, schema, session, CORS, OAuth errors. keywords: better-auth, authentication, cloudflare d1 auth, drizzle orm auth, kysely auth, self-hosted auth, typescript auth, clerk alternative, auth.js alternative, social login, oauth providers, session management, jwt tokens, 2fa, two-factor, passkeys, webauthn, multi-tenant auth, organizations, teams, rbac, role-based access, google auth, github auth, microsoft auth, apple auth, magic links, email password, better-auth setup, drizzle d1, kysely d1, session serialization error, cors auth, d1 adapter, nextjs auth, nuxt auth, remix auth, sveltekit auth, expo auth, react native auth, postgresql auth, mongodb auth, mysql auth, stripe auth, api keys, sso, saml, scim, admin dashboard, background tasks, oauth 2.1, cli license: MIT metadata: version: "2.2.0" package_version: "1.4.9" last_verified: "2025-12-26" errors_prevented: 15 templates_included: 4 references_included: 26

better-auth

Status: Production Ready Last Updated: 2025-12-26 Package: better-auth@1.4.9 (ESM-only) Dependencies: Drizzle ORM or Kysely (required for D1)

Quick Start (5 Minutes)

Installation

Option 1: Drizzle ORM (Recommended)

bun add better-auth drizzle-orm drizzle-kit

Option 2: Kysely

bun add better-auth kysely @noxharmonium/kysely-d1

⚠️ v1.4.0+ Requirements

better-auth v1.4.0+ is ESM-only. Ensure:

package.json:

{
  "type": "module"
}

Upgrading from v1.3.x? Load references/migration-guide-1.4.0.md

⚠️ CRITICAL: D1 Adapter Requirements

better-auth DOES NOT have a direct d1Adapter(). You MUST use either:

Drizzle ORM (recommended) - drizzleAdapter()
Kysely (alternative) - Kysely instance with D1Dialect

// ❌ WRONG - This doesn't exist
import { d1Adapter } from 'better-auth/adapters/d1'

// ✅ CORRECT - Use Drizzle
import { drizzleAdapter } from 'better-auth/adapters/drizzle'
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/d1'

Minimal Setup (Cloudflare Workers + Drizzle)

1. Create D1 Database:

wrangler d1 create my-app-db

2. Define Schema (src/db/schema.ts):

import { integer, sqliteTable, text } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core";

export const user = sqliteTable("user", {
  id: text().primaryKey(),
  name: text().notNull(),
  email: text().notNull().unique(),
  emailVerified: integer({ mode: "boolean" }).notNull().default(false),
  image: text(),
});

export const session = sqliteTable("session", {
  id: text().primaryKey(),
  userId: text().notNull().references(() => user.id, { onDelete: "cascade" }),
  token: text().notNull(),
  expiresAt: integer({ mode: "timestamp" }).notNull(),
});

// See references/database-schema.ts for complete schema

3. Initialize Auth (src/auth.ts):

import { betterAuth } from "better-auth";
import { drizzleAdapter } from "better-auth/adapters/drizzle";
import { drizzle } from "drizzle-orm/d1";
import * as schema from "./db/schema";

export function createAuth(env: { DB: D1Database; BETTER_AUTH_SECRET: string }) {
  const db = drizzle(env.DB, { schema });

  return betterAuth({
    baseURL: env.BETTER_AUTH_URL,
    secret: env.BETTER_AUTH_SECRET,
    database: drizzleAdapter(db, { provider: "sqlite" }),
    emailAndPassword: { enabled: true },
  });
}

4. Create Worker (src/index.ts):

import { Hono } from "hono";
import { createAuth } from "./auth";

const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Env }>();

app.all("/api/auth/*", async (c) => {
  const auth = createAuth(c.env);
  return auth.handler(c.req.raw);
});

export default app;

5. Deploy:

bunx drizzle-kit generate
wrangler d1 migrations apply my-app-db --remote
wrangler deploy

Critical Rules

MUST DO

✅ Use Drizzle/Kysely adapter (d1Adapter doesn't exist) ✅ Use Drizzle Kit for migrations (not better-auth migrate) ✅ Set BETTER_AUTH_SECRET via wrangler secret put ✅ Configure CORS with credentials: true ✅ Match OAuth callback URLs exactly (no trailing slash) ✅ Apply migrations to local D1 before wrangler dev ✅ Use camelCase column names in schema

NEVER DO

❌ Use d1Adapter or better-auth migrate with D1 ❌ Forget CORS credentials or mismatch OAuth URLs ❌ Use snake_case columns without CamelCasePlugin ❌ Skip local migrations or hardcode secrets ❌ Leave sendVerificationEmail unimplemented

⚠️ v1.4.0+ Breaking Changes

ESM-only (no CommonJS):

// package.json required
{ "type": "module" }

API Renames:

forgetPassword → requestPasswordReset
POST /account-info → GET /account-info

Callback Signatures:

// v1.3.x: request parameter
sendVerificationEmail: async ({ user, url, request }) => {}

// v1.4.0+: ctx parameter
sendVerificationEmail: async ({ user, url, ctx }) => {}

Load references/migration-guide-1.4.0.md when upgrading from <1.4.0

New in v1.4.4-1.4.8

Key additions since v1.4.3:

Background Tasks (v1.4.8): Global backgroundTasks config to defer email sending
New OAuth Providers: Patreon (v1.4.8), Vercel (v1.4.3), Kick (v1.4.6) with refresh tokens
OAuth 2.1 Plugin (v1.4.8): Standards-compliant OAuth implementation
CLI Tool (v1.4.4): better-auth CLI with project scaffolding
SAML/SSO: Clock skew validation (v1.4.7), InResponseTo, OIDC discovery
Admin Permissions (v1.4.7): Admin role with granular user update permissions
ctx.isTrustedDomain (v1.4.6): Helper for domain verification

Load references/v1.4-features.md for detailed implementation guides.

Top 5 Errors (See references/error-catalog.md for all 15)

Error #1: "d1Adapter is not exported"

Problem: Trying to use non-existent d1Adapter Solution: Use drizzleAdapter or Kysely instead (see Quick Start above)

Error #2: Schema Generation Fails

Problem: better-auth migrate doesn't work with D1 Solution: Use bunx drizzle-kit generate then wrangler d1 migrations apply

Error #3: CamelCase vs snake_case Mismatch

Problem: Database uses email_verified but better-auth expects emailVerified Solution: Use camelCase in schema or add CamelCasePlugin to Kysely

Error #4: CORS Errors

Problem: Access-Control-Allow-Origin errors, cookies not sent Solution: Configure CORS with credentials: true and correct origins

Error #5: OAuth Redirect URI Mismatch

Problem: Social sign-in fails with "redirect_uri_mismatch" Solution: Ensure exact match: https://yourdomain.com/api/auth/callback/google

Load references/error-catalog.md for all 15 errors with detailed solutions.

Common Use Cases

Use Case 1: Email/Password Authentication

When: Basic authentication without social providers Quick Pattern:

// Client
await authClient.signIn.email({
  email: "user@example.com",
  password: "password123",
});

// Server - enable in config
emailAndPassword: {
  enabled: true,
  requireEmailVerification: true,
}

Load: references/setup-guide.md → Step 5

Use Case 2: Social Authentication (45+ Providers)

When: Allow users to sign in with social accounts Supported: Google, GitHub, Microsoft, Apple, Discord, TikTok, Twitch, Spotify, LinkedIn, Slack, Reddit, Facebook, Twitter/X, Patreon, Vercel, Kick, and 30+ more. Quick Pattern:

// Client
await authClient.signIn.social({
  provider: "google",
  callbackURL: "/dashboard",
});

// Server config
socialProviders: {
  google: {
    clientId: env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID,
    clientSecret: env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET,
    scope: ["openid", "email", "profile"],
  },
}

Load: references/setup-guide.md → Step 5

Use Case 3: Protected API Routes

When: Need to verify user is authenticated Quick Pattern:

app.get("/api/protected", async (c) => {
  const auth = createAuth(c.env);
  const session = await auth.api.getSession({
    headers: c.req.raw.headers,
  });

  if (!session) {
    return c.json({ error: "Unauthorized" }, 401);
  }

  return c.json({ data: "protected", user: session.user });
});

Load: references/cloudflare-worker-drizzle.ts

Use Case 4: Multi-Tenant with Organizations

When: Building SaaS with teams/organizations Load: references/advanced-features.md → Organizations & Teams

Use Case 5: Two-Factor Authentication

When: Need extra security with 2FA/TOTP Load: references/advanced-features.md → Two-Factor Authentication

When to Load References

Load references/setup-guide.md when:

User needs complete 8-step setup walkthrough
User asks about Kysely adapter alternative
User needs help with migrations or deployment
User asks about wrangler.toml configuration

Load references/error-catalog.md when:

Encountering any of the 12 documented errors
User reports D1 adapter, schema, CORS, or OAuth issues
User asks about troubleshooting or debugging
User needs prevention checklist

Load references/advanced-features.md when:

User asks about 2FA, passkeys, or magic links
User needs organizations, teams, or RBAC
User asks about rate limiting or session management
User wants migration guide from Clerk or Auth.js
User needs security best practices or performance optimization

Load references/cloudflare-worker-drizzle.ts when:

User needs complete Worker implementation example
User asks for production-ready code
User wants to see full auth flow with protected routes

Load references/cloudflare-worker-kysely.ts when:

User prefers Kysely over Drizzle
User asks for Kysely-specific implementation

Load references/database-schema.ts when:

User needs complete better-auth schema with all tables
User asks about custom tables or schema extension
User needs TypeScript types for database

Load references/react-client-hooks.tsx when:

User building React/Next.js frontend
User needs login forms, session hooks, or protected routes
User asks about client-side implementation

Load references/configuration-guide.md when:

User asks about production configuration
User needs environment variable setup or wrangler.toml
User asks about session configuration or ESM setup
User needs CORS configuration, rate limiting, or API keys
User asks about troubleshooting configuration issues

Load references/framework-comparison.md when:

User asks "better-auth vs Clerk" or "vs Auth.js"
User needs help choosing auth framework
User wants feature comparison, migration advice, or cost analysis
User asks about v1.4.0+ new features (database joins, stateless sessions)

Load references/migration-guide-1.4.0.md when:

User upgrading from better-auth <1.4.0 to 1.4.0+
User encounters forgetPassword errors or ESM issues
User asks about breaking changes or migration steps
User needs to migrate callback functions or API endpoints

Load references/v1.4-features.md when:

User asks about background tasks or deferred email sending
User needs Patreon, Vercel, or Kick OAuth provider setup
User asks about OAuth 2.1 compliance
User needs SAML/SSO with clock skew or OIDC discovery
User asks about the better-auth CLI tool
User needs admin role permissions configuration
User asks about ctx.isTrustedDomain or domain verification

Load references/nextjs/README.md when:

User building Next.js app with PostgreSQL (not Cloudflare D1)
User needs organizations and 2FA example
User asks about Next.js-specific implementation

Load references/nextjs/postgres-example.ts when:

User needs complete Next.js API route implementation
User wants to see organizations + 2FA in practice
User asks for PostgreSQL setup with Drizzle

Framework-Specific Setup

Load references/frameworks/nextjs.md when:

User building with Next.js (App Router or Pages Router)
User needs middleware, Server Components, or API routes

Load references/frameworks/nuxt.md when:

User building with Nuxt 3
User needs H3 handlers, composables, or server routes

Load references/frameworks/remix.md when:

User building with Remix
User needs loader/action patterns or session handling

Load references/frameworks/sveltekit.md when:

User building with SvelteKit
User needs hooks, load functions, or stores

Load references/frameworks/api-frameworks.md when:

User building with Express, Fastify, NestJS, or Hono (non-Cloudflare)
User needs middleware or route configuration

Load references/frameworks/expo-mobile.md when:

User building React Native or Expo app
User needs SecureStore, deep linking, or mobile auth

Database Adapters

Load references/databases/postgresql.md when:

User using PostgreSQL with Drizzle or Prisma
User needs Neon, Supabase, or connection pooling setup

Load references/databases/mongodb.md when:

User using MongoDB
User needs Atlas setup or indexes

Load references/databases/mysql.md when:

User using MySQL or PlanetScale
User needs Vitess compatibility guidance

Plugin Guides

Load references/plugins/authentication.md when:

User needs 2FA, passkeys, magic links, email OTP, or anonymous users
User asks about enhanced authentication methods

Load references/plugins/enterprise.md when:

User needs organizations, SSO/SAML, SCIM, or admin dashboard
User building multi-tenant or enterprise application

Load references/plugins/api-tokens.md when:

User needs API keys, bearer tokens, JWT, or OIDC provider
User building API authentication for third parties

Load references/plugins/payments.md when:

User needs Stripe or Polar integration
User building subscription or payment features

Configuration Reference

Quick Config (ESM-only in v1.4.0+):

export const auth = betterAuth({
  baseURL: env.BETTER_AUTH_URL,
  secret: env.BETTER_AUTH_SECRET,
  database: drizzleAdapter(db, { provider: "sqlite" }),
});

Load references/configuration-guide.md for:

Production configuration with email/password and social providers
wrangler.toml setup and environment variables
Session configuration, CORS setup, and ESM requirements
Rate limiting, API keys (v1.4.0+), and troubleshooting

Using Bundled Resources

References (references/)

setup-guide.md - Complete 8-step setup (D1 → Drizzle → Deploy)
error-catalog.md - All 12 errors with solutions and prevention checklist
advanced-features.md - 2FA, organizations, rate limiting, passkeys, magic links, migrations
configuration-guide.md - Production config, environment variables, CORS, rate limiting
framework-comparison.md - better-auth vs Clerk vs Auth.js, migration paths, TCO
migration-guide-1.4.0.md - Upgrading from v1.3.x to v1.4.0+ (ESM, API changes)
cloudflare-worker-drizzle.ts - Complete Worker with Drizzle auth
cloudflare-worker-kysely.ts - Complete Worker with Kysely auth
database-schema.ts - Complete better-auth Drizzle schema
react-client-hooks.tsx - React components with auth hooks
v1.4-features.md - Background tasks, new OAuth providers, SAML/SSO, CLI

Framework References (references/frameworks/)

nextjs.md - Next.js App/Pages Router integration
nuxt.md - Nuxt 3 with H3 and composables
remix.md - Remix loaders, actions, sessions
sveltekit.md - SvelteKit hooks and stores
api-frameworks.md - Express, Fastify, NestJS, Hono
expo-mobile.md - React Native and Expo

Database References (references/databases/)

postgresql.md - PostgreSQL with Drizzle/Prisma, Neon/Supabase
mongodb.md - MongoDB adapter and Atlas
mysql.md - MySQL and PlanetScale

Plugin References (references/plugins/)

authentication.md - 2FA, passkeys, magic links, email OTP, anonymous
enterprise.md - Organizations, SSO, SCIM, admin
api-tokens.md - API keys, bearer tokens, JWT, OIDC
payments.md - Stripe, Polar integrations

Next.js Examples (references/nextjs/)

README.md - Next.js + PostgreSQL setup guide (not D1)
postgres-example.ts - Complete API route with organizations, 2FA, email verification

Client Integration

Create auth client (src/lib/auth-client.ts):

import { createAuthClient } from "better-auth/client";

export const authClient = createAuthClient({
  baseURL: import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || "http://localhost:8787",
});

Use in React:

import { authClient } from "@/lib/auth-client";

export function UserProfile() {
  const { data: session, isPending } = authClient.useSession();

  if (isPending) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  if (!session) return <div>Not authenticated</div>;

  return (
    <div>
      <p>Welcome, {session.user.email}</p>
      <button onClick={() => authClient.signOut()}>Sign Out</button>
    </div>
  );
}

Dependencies

Required:

better-auth@^1.4.9 - Core authentication framework (ESM-only)

Choose ONE adapter:

drizzle-orm@^0.44.7 + drizzle-kit@^0.31.7 (recommended)
kysely@^0.28.8 + @noxharmonium/kysely-d1@^0.4.0 (alternative)

Optional:

@cloudflare/workers-types - TypeScript types for Workers
hono@^4.0.0 - Web framework for routing
@better-auth/passkey - Passkey plugin (v1.4.0+, separate package)
@better-auth/api-key - API key auth (v1.4.0+)

Beyond Cloudflare D1

This skill focuses on Cloudflare Workers + D1. better-auth also supports:

Frameworks (18 total): Next.js, Nuxt, Remix, SvelteKit, Astro, Express, NestJS, Fastify, Elysia, Expo, and more.

Databases (9 adapters): PostgreSQL, MongoDB, MySQL, Prisma, MS SQL, and others.

Additional Plugins: Anonymous auth, Email OTP, JWT, Multi-Session, OIDC Provider, payment integrations (Stripe, Polar).

For non-Cloudflare setups, load the appropriate framework or database reference file, or consult the official docs: https://better-auth.com/docs

Official Documentation

better-auth Docs: https://better-auth.com
GitHub: https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth (22.4k ⭐)
Examples: https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/tree/main/examples
Drizzle Docs: https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/get-started-sqlite
Kysely Docs: https://kysely.dev/
Discord: https://discord.gg/better-auth

Framework Comparison

Load references/framework-comparison.md for:

Complete feature comparison: better-auth vs Clerk vs Auth.js
v1.4.0+ new features (database joins, stateless sessions, API keys)
Migration paths, cost analysis, and performance benchmarks
Recommendations by use case and 5-year TCO

Production Examples

Verified working repositories (all use Drizzle or Kysely):

zwily/example-react-router-cloudflare-d1-drizzle-better-auth - Drizzle
matthewlynch/better-auth-react-router-cloudflare-d1 - Kysely
foxlau/react-router-v7-better-auth - Drizzle
zpg6/better-auth-cloudflare - Drizzle (includes CLI)

Note: Check each repo's better-auth version. Repos on v1.3.x need v1.4.0+ migration (see references/migration-guide-1.4.0.md). None use a direct d1Adapter - all require Drizzle/Kysely.

Complete Setup Checklist

Questions? Issues?

Check references/error-catalog.md for all 15 errors and solutions
Review references/setup-guide.md for complete 8-step setup
See references/advanced-features.md for 2FA, organizations, and more
Check official docs: https://better-auth.com
Ensure you're using Drizzle or Kysely (not non-existent d1Adapter)

better-auth

$ Installer

better-auth

Quick Start (5 Minutes)

Installation

⚠️ v1.4.0+ Requirements

⚠️ CRITICAL: D1 Adapter Requirements

Minimal Setup (Cloudflare Workers + Drizzle)

Critical Rules

MUST DO

NEVER DO

⚠️ v1.4.0+ Breaking Changes

New in v1.4.4-1.4.8

Top 5 Errors (See references/error-catalog.md for all 15)

Error #1: "d1Adapter is not exported"

Error #2: Schema Generation Fails

Error #3: CamelCase vs snake_case Mismatch

Error #4: CORS Errors

Error #5: OAuth Redirect URI Mismatch

Common Use Cases

Use Case 1: Email/Password Authentication

Use Case 2: Social Authentication (45+ Providers)

Use Case 3: Protected API Routes

Use Case 4: Multi-Tenant with Organizations

Use Case 5: Two-Factor Authentication

When to Load References

Framework-Specific Setup

Database Adapters

Plugin Guides

Configuration Reference

Using Bundled Resources

References (references/)

Framework References (references/frameworks/)

Database References (references/databases/)

Plugin References (references/plugins/)

Next.js Examples (references/nextjs/)

Client Integration

Dependencies

Beyond Cloudflare D1

Official Documentation

Framework Comparison

Production Examples

Complete Setup Checklist

Repository

Actions

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