name: vscode-webview-expert description: This skill provides expert-level guidance for implementing VS Code WebView features. Use when creating WebView panels, implementing secure CSP policies, handling Extension-WebView communication, managing WebView state persistence, optimizing WebView performance, or debugging WebView rendering issues. Covers security best practices, message protocols, and VS Code-specific WebView patterns.

VS Code WebView Expert

Overview

This skill enables expert-level implementation of VS Code WebView features. It provides comprehensive knowledge of WebView security requirements, communication patterns, state management, and performance optimization techniques specific to VS Code extensions.

When to Use This Skill

Creating new WebView panels or views
Implementing Content Security Policy (CSP)
Designing Extension ↔ WebView communication protocols
Managing WebView state and persistence
Handling WebView lifecycle events
Optimizing WebView rendering performance
Debugging WebView-related issues
Implementing custom editors with WebViews

WebView Fundamentals

Creating WebView Panels

import * as vscode from 'vscode';

class WebViewManager {
  private panel: vscode.WebviewPanel | undefined;

  show(context: vscode.ExtensionContext): void {
    if (this.panel) {
      this.panel.reveal();
      return;
    }

    this.panel = vscode.window.createWebviewPanel(
      'myWebview',           // viewType - unique identifier
      'My WebView',          // title
      vscode.ViewColumn.One, // column to show in
      {
        enableScripts: true,
        retainContextWhenHidden: true,  // Keep state when hidden
        localResourceRoots: [
          vscode.Uri.joinPath(context.extensionUri, 'media'),
          vscode.Uri.joinPath(context.extensionUri, 'dist')
        ]
      }
    );

    this.panel.webview.html = this.getHtmlContent(
      this.panel.webview,
      context.extensionUri
    );

    // Handle disposal
    this.panel.onDidDispose(() => {
      this.panel = undefined;
    });
  }
}

WebView in Sidebar (TreeView alternative)

class SidebarWebViewProvider implements vscode.WebviewViewProvider {
  private view?: vscode.WebviewView;

  constructor(private readonly extensionUri: vscode.Uri) {}

  resolveWebviewView(
    webviewView: vscode.WebviewView,
    context: vscode.WebviewViewResolveContext,
    token: vscode.CancellationToken
  ): void {
    this.view = webviewView;

    webviewView.webview.options = {
      enableScripts: true,
      localResourceRoots: [this.extensionUri]
    };

    webviewView.webview.html = this.getHtmlContent(webviewView.webview);

    // Handle visibility changes
    webviewView.onDidChangeVisibility(() => {
      if (webviewView.visible) {
        this.refresh();
      }
    });
  }
}

// Register in package.json
/*
"contributes": {
  "views": {
    "explorer": [{
      "type": "webview",
      "id": "myWebviewView",
      "name": "My View"
    }]
  }
}
*/

Security: Content Security Policy

CSP Implementation (Critical)

function getHtmlContent(
  webview: vscode.Webview,
  extensionUri: vscode.Uri
): string {
  // Generate unique nonce for scripts
  const nonce = getNonce();

  // Get resource URIs
  const styleUri = webview.asWebviewUri(
    vscode.Uri.joinPath(extensionUri, 'media', 'style.css')
  );
  const scriptUri = webview.asWebviewUri(
    vscode.Uri.joinPath(extensionUri, 'dist', 'webview.js')
  );

  return `<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="
    default-src 'none';
    style-src ${webview.cspSource} 'unsafe-inline';
    script-src 'nonce-${nonce}';
    img-src ${webview.cspSource} https: data:;
    font-src ${webview.cspSource};
    connect-src https:;
  ">
  <link href="${styleUri}" rel="stylesheet">
  <title>My WebView</title>
</head>
<body>
  <div id="app"></div>
  <script nonce="${nonce}" src="${scriptUri}"></script>
</body>
</html>`;
}

function getNonce(): string {
  let text = '';
  const possible = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789';
  for (let i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
    text += possible.charAt(Math.floor(Math.random() * possible.length));
  }
  return text;
}

CSP Directives Reference

Directive	Purpose	Recommended Value
`default-src`	Fallback for other directives	`'none'`
`script-src`	JavaScript sources	`'nonce-${nonce}'`
`style-src`	Stylesheet sources	`${webview.cspSource} 'unsafe-inline'`
`img-src`	Image sources	`${webview.cspSource} https: data:`
`font-src`	Font sources	`${webview.cspSource}`
`connect-src`	XHR/Fetch destinations	`https:` or specific origins
`frame-src`	iframe sources	`'none'` (unless needed)

Common CSP Issues and Solutions

// Issue: Inline styles not working
// Solution: Add 'unsafe-inline' to style-src (acceptable for styles)
style-src ${webview.cspSource} 'unsafe-inline';

// Issue: External images not loading
// Solution: Add https: to img-src
img-src ${webview.cspSource} https: data:;

// Issue: Web fonts not loading
// Solution: Ensure font-src includes cspSource
font-src ${webview.cspSource} https://fonts.gstatic.com;

// Issue: Fetch/XHR blocked
// Solution: Add connect-src with allowed origins
connect-src https://api.example.com;

Extension ↔ WebView Communication

Message Protocol Design

// Shared message types (use in both Extension and WebView)
interface Message {
  type: string;
  payload?: unknown;
  id?: string;  // For request-response pattern
}

// Extension → WebView messages
type ExtensionMessage =
  | { type: 'init'; payload: { config: Config; state: State } }
  | { type: 'update'; payload: { data: Data } }
  | { type: 'theme-changed'; payload: { theme: 'light' | 'dark' } }
  | { type: 'response'; id: string; payload: unknown; error?: string };

// WebView → Extension messages
type WebViewMessage =
  | { type: 'ready' }
  | { type: 'action'; payload: { action: string; data: unknown } }
  | { type: 'request'; id: string; payload: { method: string; args: unknown[] } }
  | { type: 'error'; payload: { message: string; stack?: string } };

Extension Side: Message Handling

class WebViewMessageHandler {
  private pendingRequests = new Map<string, {
    resolve: (value: unknown) => void;
    reject: (error: Error) => void;
    timeout: NodeJS.Timeout;
  }>();

  constructor(private panel: vscode.WebviewPanel) {
    this.setupMessageHandler();
  }

  private setupMessageHandler(): void {
    this.panel.webview.onDidReceiveMessage(
      async (message: WebViewMessage) => {
        try {
          await this.handleMessage(message);
        } catch (error) {
          console.error('Message handling error:', error);
          this.sendError(error as Error);
        }
      }
    );
  }

  private async handleMessage(message: WebViewMessage): Promise<void> {
    switch (message.type) {
      case 'ready':
        await this.onWebViewReady();
        break;

      case 'action':
        await this.handleAction(message.payload);
        break;

      case 'request':
        await this.handleRequest(message.id!, message.payload);
        break;

      case 'error':
        console.error('WebView error:', message.payload);
        break;
    }
  }

  private async onWebViewReady(): Promise<void> {
    // Send initial state when WebView is ready
    this.send({
      type: 'init',
      payload: {
        config: await this.getConfig(),
        state: await this.getState()
      }
    });
  }

  private async handleRequest(id: string, payload: any): Promise<void> {
    try {
      const result = await this.executeMethod(payload.method, payload.args);
      this.send({ type: 'response', id, payload: result });
    } catch (error) {
      this.send({
        type: 'response',
        id,
        payload: null,
        error: (error as Error).message
      });
    }
  }

  send(message: ExtensionMessage): void {
    this.panel.webview.postMessage(message);
  }

  private sendError(error: Error): void {
    this.send({
      type: 'response',
      id: 'error',
      payload: null,
      error: error.message
    });
  }
}

WebView Side: Message Handling

// In WebView JavaScript
declare const acquireVsCodeApi: () => {
  postMessage(message: unknown): void;
  getState(): unknown;
  setState(state: unknown): void;
};

class VSCodeBridge {
  private vscode = acquireVsCodeApi();
  private pendingRequests = new Map<string, {
    resolve: (value: unknown) => void;
    reject: (error: Error) => void;
  }>();
  private ready = false;
  private messageQueue: unknown[] = [];

  constructor() {
    this.setupMessageListener();
    this.notifyReady();
  }

  private setupMessageListener(): void {
    window.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
      const message = event.data as ExtensionMessage;
      this.handleMessage(message);
    });
  }

  private handleMessage(message: ExtensionMessage): void {
    switch (message.type) {
      case 'init':
        this.ready = true;
        this.flushMessageQueue();
        this.onInit(message.payload);
        break;

      case 'update':
        this.onUpdate(message.payload);
        break;

      case 'theme-changed':
        this.onThemeChanged(message.payload.theme);
        break;

      case 'response':
        this.handleResponse(message);
        break;
    }
  }

  private handleResponse(message: ExtensionMessage & { type: 'response' }): void {
    const pending = this.pendingRequests.get(message.id!);
    if (pending) {
      this.pendingRequests.delete(message.id!);
      if (message.error) {
        pending.reject(new Error(message.error));
      } else {
        pending.resolve(message.payload);
      }
    }
  }

  // Request-response pattern
  async request<T>(method: string, ...args: unknown[]): Promise<T> {
    const id = crypto.randomUUID();

    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
        this.pendingRequests.delete(id);
        reject(new Error(`Request timeout: ${method}`));
      }, 10000);

      this.pendingRequests.set(id, {
        resolve: (value) => {
          clearTimeout(timeout);
          resolve(value as T);
        },
        reject: (error) => {
          clearTimeout(timeout);
          reject(error);
        }
      });

      this.send({ type: 'request', id, payload: { method, args } });
    });
  }

  send(message: WebViewMessage): void {
    if (!this.ready && message.type !== 'ready') {
      this.messageQueue.push(message);
      return;
    }
    this.vscode.postMessage(message);
  }

  private flushMessageQueue(): void {
    while (this.messageQueue.length > 0) {
      this.vscode.postMessage(this.messageQueue.shift());
    }
  }

  private notifyReady(): void {
    this.vscode.postMessage({ type: 'ready' });
  }

  // State persistence
  getState<T>(): T | undefined {
    return this.vscode.getState() as T | undefined;
  }

  setState<T>(state: T): void {
    this.vscode.setState(state);
  }

  // Override these in subclass
  protected onInit(payload: { config: any; state: any }): void {}
  protected onUpdate(payload: { data: any }): void {}
  protected onThemeChanged(theme: 'light' | 'dark'): void {}
}

State Management

WebView State Persistence

// Simple state (survives hide/show, lost on reload)
class SimpleStateManager {
  private vscode = acquireVsCodeApi();

  save<T>(state: T): void {
    this.vscode.setState(state);
  }

  load<T>(): T | undefined {
    return this.vscode.getState() as T | undefined;
  }
}

// Full persistence (survives VS Code restart)
class PersistentStateManager {
  constructor(
    private context: vscode.ExtensionContext,
    private key: string
  ) {}

  async save<T>(state: T): Promise<void> {
    await this.context.globalState.update(this.key, state);
  }

  load<T>(): T | undefined {
    return this.context.globalState.get<T>(this.key);
  }
}

// WebView Serializer for panel restoration
class WebViewSerializer implements vscode.WebviewPanelSerializer {
  constructor(private manager: WebViewManager) {}

  async deserializeWebviewPanel(
    panel: vscode.WebviewPanel,
    state: unknown
  ): Promise<void> {
    // Restore panel with saved state
    this.manager.restorePanel(panel, state);
  }
}

// Register serializer
vscode.window.registerWebviewPanelSerializer('myWebview', new WebViewSerializer(manager));

State Synchronization Pattern

class StateSynchronizer<T> {
  private state: T;
  private webview: vscode.Webview;
  private context: vscode.ExtensionContext;
  private saveDebouncer: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;

  constructor(
    webview: vscode.Webview,
    context: vscode.ExtensionContext,
    initialState: T
  ) {
    this.webview = webview;
    this.context = context;
    this.state = this.loadState() ?? initialState;
  }

  private loadState(): T | undefined {
    return this.context.workspaceState.get<T>('webviewState');
  }

  private async persistState(): Promise<void> {
    await this.context.workspaceState.update('webviewState', this.state);
  }

  update(partial: Partial<T>): void {
    this.state = { ...this.state, ...partial };

    // Notify WebView
    this.webview.postMessage({
      type: 'state-update',
      payload: this.state
    });

    // Debounced persistence
    if (this.saveDebouncer) {
      clearTimeout(this.saveDebouncer);
    }
    this.saveDebouncer = setTimeout(() => {
      this.persistState();
    }, 1000);
  }

  getState(): T {
    return this.state;
  }
}

Performance Optimization

Lazy Loading Resources

function getHtmlContent(webview: vscode.Webview, extensionUri: vscode.Uri): string {
  const nonce = getNonce();

  return `<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="...">
  <!-- Critical CSS inline for fast first paint -->
  <style>
    body { font-family: var(--vscode-font-family); }
    .loading { display: flex; justify-content: center; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div id="app">
    <div class="loading">Loading...</div>
  </div>

  <!-- Defer non-critical resources -->
  <link rel="preload" href="${styleUri}" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'">

  <!-- Load scripts with defer -->
  <script nonce="${nonce}" src="${scriptUri}" defer></script>
</body>
</html>`;
}

Message Batching

class MessageBatcher {
  private queue: Message[] = [];
  private flushTimeout: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;
  private readonly flushInterval = 16; // ~60fps

  constructor(private webview: vscode.Webview) {}

  send(message: Message): void {
    this.queue.push(message);
    this.scheduleFlush();
  }

  private scheduleFlush(): void {
    if (!this.flushTimeout) {
      this.flushTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
        this.flush();
      }, this.flushInterval);
    }
  }

  private flush(): void {
    if (this.queue.length === 0) return;

    // Send batch message
    this.webview.postMessage({
      type: 'batch',
      messages: this.queue
    });

    this.queue = [];
    this.flushTimeout = undefined;
  }

  dispose(): void {
    if (this.flushTimeout) {
      clearTimeout(this.flushTimeout);
      this.flush(); // Send remaining messages
    }
  }
}

Virtual Scrolling for Large Lists

// WebView side implementation
class VirtualList {
  private container: HTMLElement;
  private itemHeight = 24;
  private visibleItems = 50;
  private items: unknown[] = [];

  constructor(container: HTMLElement) {
    this.container = container;
    this.setupScrollHandler();
  }

  setItems(items: unknown[]): void {
    this.items = items;
    this.render();
  }

  private setupScrollHandler(): void {
    this.container.addEventListener('scroll', () => {
      requestAnimationFrame(() => this.render());
    });
  }

  private render(): void {
    const scrollTop = this.container.scrollTop;
    const startIndex = Math.floor(scrollTop / this.itemHeight);
    const endIndex = Math.min(
      startIndex + this.visibleItems,
      this.items.length
    );

    // Only render visible items
    const visibleItems = this.items.slice(startIndex, endIndex);

    // Update DOM with padding for scroll position
    this.container.innerHTML = `
      <div style="height: ${startIndex * this.itemHeight}px"></div>
      ${visibleItems.map(item => this.renderItem(item)).join('')}
      <div style="height: ${(this.items.length - endIndex) * this.itemHeight}px"></div>
    `;
  }

  private renderItem(item: unknown): string {
    return `<div class="item" style="height: ${this.itemHeight}px">${item}</div>`;
  }
}

Theme Integration

VS Code Theme Variables

/* Use VS Code CSS variables for consistent theming */
body {
  background-color: var(--vscode-editor-background);
  color: var(--vscode-editor-foreground);
  font-family: var(--vscode-font-family);
  font-size: var(--vscode-font-size);
}

.button {
  background-color: var(--vscode-button-background);
  color: var(--vscode-button-foreground);
  border: none;
  padding: 4px 12px;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.button:hover {
  background-color: var(--vscode-button-hoverBackground);
}

.input {
  background-color: var(--vscode-input-background);
  color: var(--vscode-input-foreground);
  border: 1px solid var(--vscode-input-border);
  padding: 4px 8px;
}

.input:focus {
  outline: 1px solid var(--vscode-focusBorder);
}

.error {
  color: var(--vscode-errorForeground);
  background-color: var(--vscode-inputValidation-errorBackground);
  border: 1px solid var(--vscode-inputValidation-errorBorder);
}

.panel {
  background-color: var(--vscode-panel-background);
  border: 1px solid var(--vscode-panel-border);
}

Theme Change Detection

// Extension side
function watchThemeChanges(webview: vscode.Webview): vscode.Disposable {
  return vscode.window.onDidChangeActiveColorTheme((theme) => {
    webview.postMessage({
      type: 'theme-changed',
      payload: {
        kind: theme.kind, // 1=Light, 2=Dark, 3=HighContrast
        theme: theme.kind === vscode.ColorThemeKind.Dark ? 'dark' : 'light'
      }
    });
  });
}

// WebView side
window.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
  if (event.data.type === 'theme-changed') {
    document.body.dataset.theme = event.data.payload.theme;
  }
});

Debugging WebViews

Developer Tools Access

// Command to open WebView DevTools
vscode.commands.registerCommand('myExt.openWebviewDevTools', () => {
  vscode.commands.executeCommand('workbench.action.webview.openDeveloperTools');
});

Debug Logging

// WebView side - comprehensive error handling
window.onerror = (message, source, lineno, colno, error) => {
  vscode.postMessage({
    type: 'error',
    payload: {
      message: String(message),
      source,
      lineno,
      colno,
      stack: error?.stack
    }
  });
};

window.addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => {
  vscode.postMessage({
    type: 'error',
    payload: {
      message: 'Unhandled Promise rejection',
      reason: String(event.reason),
      stack: event.reason?.stack
    }
  });
});

// Debug logging utility
const debug = {
  log: (...args: unknown[]) => {
    console.log('[WebView]', ...args);
    vscode.postMessage({
      type: 'debug',
      payload: { level: 'log', args: args.map(String) }
    });
  },
  error: (...args: unknown[]) => {
    console.error('[WebView]', ...args);
    vscode.postMessage({
      type: 'debug',
      payload: { level: 'error', args: args.map(String) }
    });
  }
};

Common Patterns

Singleton Panel Pattern

class SingletonWebViewManager {
  private static instance: SingletonWebViewManager;
  private panel: vscode.WebviewPanel | undefined;

  private constructor() {}

  static getInstance(): SingletonWebViewManager {
    if (!SingletonWebViewManager.instance) {
      SingletonWebViewManager.instance = new SingletonWebViewManager();
    }
    return SingletonWebViewManager.instance;
  }

  show(context: vscode.ExtensionContext): void {
    if (this.panel) {
      this.panel.reveal();
      return;
    }

    this.panel = vscode.window.createWebviewPanel(/* ... */);

    this.panel.onDidDispose(() => {
      this.panel = undefined;
    });
  }

  dispose(): void {
    this.panel?.dispose();
  }
}

Multi-Panel Pattern

class MultiPanelManager {
  private panels = new Map<string, vscode.WebviewPanel>();

  create(id: string, context: vscode.ExtensionContext): vscode.WebviewPanel {
    if (this.panels.has(id)) {
      const existing = this.panels.get(id)!;
      existing.reveal();
      return existing;
    }

    const panel = vscode.window.createWebviewPanel(
      'myWebview',
      `Panel ${id}`,
      vscode.ViewColumn.One,
      { enableScripts: true }
    );

    panel.onDidDispose(() => {
      this.panels.delete(id);
    });

    this.panels.set(id, panel);
    return panel;
  }

  get(id: string): vscode.WebviewPanel | undefined {
    return this.panels.get(id);
  }

  disposeAll(): void {
    this.panels.forEach(panel => panel.dispose());
    this.panels.clear();
  }
}

Resources

For detailed reference documentation:

references/csp-reference.md - Complete CSP directive reference
references/message-patterns.md - Advanced message passing patterns
references/theming-guide.md - VS Code theme integration guide

vscode-webview-expert

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